CHM 501 Lecture


Find all the terms for the d3 configuration:

To describe each microstate, use the notation: (ml±, ml±, ml±) where + means ms =+ ½ and - means ms =- ½

maximum possible L = 5 (2+, 2-, 1+), so ML = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5

maximum possible S = 3/2 (2+, 1+, 0+), so MS = 3/2, 1/2, -1/2, -3/2

Build and fill the bookkeeping matrix:
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-) (2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+) (2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-) (2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+) (2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-) (2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+) (2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+) (2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+) (1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+) (2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-) (1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+) (1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-) (2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+) (1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-) (1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-) (1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The total number of microstates = (Nl =2[2(2)+1] =10, x =3), which matches the number in the matrix.

Now find terms:

First term is ML = 3 , MS =3/2 giving 4F

The degeneracy of the 4F state is [2(3)+1]×[2(3/2)+1] = 28, so 28 microstates must be eliminated.

red denoted states eliminated by 4F:
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-) (2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+) (2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-) (2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+) (2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-) (2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+) (2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+) (2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+) (1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+) (2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-) (1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+) (1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-) (2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+) (1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-) (1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-) (1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The next state found is ML =1, MS =3/2, which is 4P, accounting for 12 microstates (green)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-) (2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+) (2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-) (2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+) (2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-) (2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+) (2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+) (2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-) (1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+) (1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+) (1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-) (1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The next state found is ML =5, MS =1/2, which is 2H, accounting for 22 microstates (blue)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-) (2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+) (2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-) (2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+) (2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-) (2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+) (2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+) (2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-) (1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+) (1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+) (1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-) (1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The next state found is ML =4, MS =1/2, which is 2G, accounting for 18 microstates (pink)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-) (2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+) (2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-) (2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+) (2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-)(2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+) (2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+)(2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-)(1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+) (1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+) (1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-) (1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

 

The next state found is ML =3, MS =1/2, which is 2F, accounting for 14 microstates (turquoise)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-)(2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+)(2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-)(2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+)(2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-)(2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+) (2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+)(2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-)(1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+) (1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+)(1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-) (1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The next state found is ML =2, MS =1/2, which is 2D, accounting for 10 microstates (yellow)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-)(2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+)(2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-)(2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+) (2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+)(2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-) (2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-)(2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+)(2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+)(2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-) (2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-)(1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+)(1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+)(1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-)(1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The next state found is another ML =2, MS =1/2, which is 2D, accounting for 10 microstates (teal)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-)(2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+)(2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-)(2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+)(2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+)(2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-)(2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-)(2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+)(2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-) (1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+)(2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-)(2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+) (1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-)(1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+)(1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+)(1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-)(1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-) (-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

The next state found is ML =1, MS =1/2, which is 2P, accounting for 6 microstates (violet)
 
 
 
ML\MS
3/2
1/2
-1/2
-3/2
5  
(2+, 2-, 1+)
(2-, 2+, 1-)
 
4  
(2+, 2-, 0+) (2+, 1+, 1-)
(2-, 2+, 0-) (2-, 1-, 1+)
 
3
(2+, 1+, 0+)
(2-, 1+, 0+) (2+, 1-, 0+)

(2+, 1+, 0-)(2+, 2-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, 0-) (2-, 1+, 0-)

(2-, 1-, 0+)(2-, 2+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, 0-)
2
(2+, 1+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -1+) (2+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1+, -1-)(2+, 0+, 0-)

(1+, 1-, 0+)(2+, 2-, -2+)

(2+, 1-, -1-) (2-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -1+)(2-, 0-, 0+)

(1-, 1+, 0-)(2-, 2+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -1-)
1
(2+, 1+, -2+) (2+, 0+, -1+)
(2-, 1+, -2+) (2+, 1-, -2+)

(2+, 1+, -2-)(2-, 0+, -1+)

(2+, 0-, -1+)(2+, 0+, -1-)

(1+, 0+, 0-)(1+, 1-, -1+)

(2+, 1-, -2-) (2-, 1+, -2-)

(2-, 1-, -2+)(2+, 0-, -1-)

(2-, 0+, -1-)(2-, 0-, -1+)

(1-, 0-, 0+)(1-, 1+, -1-)

(2-, 1-, -2-) (2-, 0-, -1-)
0
(2+,0+,-2+)(1+,0+,-1+)
(2-,0+,-2+)(2+,0-,-2+)

(2+,0+,-2-)(1-,0+,-1+)

(1+,0-,-1+)(1+,0+,-1-)

(2+, -1+, -1-) (1+, 1-, -2+)

(2+,0-,-2-)(2-,0+,-2-)

(2-,0-,-2+)(1+,0-,-1-)

(1-,0+,-1-)(1-,0-,-1+)

(2-, -1-, -1+) (1-, 1+, -2-)

(2-,0-,-2-)(1-,0-,-1-)
-1
(-2+, -1+, 2+) (-2+, 0+,1+)
(-2-, -1+, 2+) (-2+, -1-,2+)

(-2+, -1+, 2-)(-2-, 0+, 1+)

(-2+, 0-, 1+) (-2+, 0+, 1-)

(-1+, 0+, 0-) (-1+, -1-, 1+)

(-2+, -1-, 2-) (-2-, -1+,2-)

(-2-, -1-, 2+) (-2+, 0-, 1-)

(-2-, 0+, 1-) (-2-, 0-, 1+)

(-1-, 0-, 0+) (-1-, -1+, 1-)

(-2-, -1-, 2-) (-2-, 0-,1-)
-2
(-2+, 1+, -1+)
(-2-, -1+, 1+) (-2+, -1-,1+)

(-2+, -1+, 1-) (-2+, 0+, 0-)

(-1+, -1-, 0+) (-2+, -2-,2+)

(-2+, -1-, 1-) (-2-, -1+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 1+) (-2-, 0-, 0+)

(-1-, -1+, 0-) (-2-, -2+,2-)

(-2-, 1-, -1-)
-3
(-2+, -1+, 0+)
(-2-, -1+, 0+) (-2+, -1-,0+)

(-2+, -1+, 0-) (-2+, -2-,1+)

(-2+, -1-, 0-) (-2-, -1+,0-)

(-2-, -1-, 0+) (-2-, -2+,1-)

(-2-, -1-, 0-)
-4  
(-2+, -2-, 0+) (-2+,-1+,-1-)
(-2-, -2+, 0-) (-2-,-1-,-1+)
 
-5  
(-2+, -2-, -1+)
(-2-, -2+, -1-)
 

This is all of the terms: 4F (28), 4P (12), 2H (22), 2G (18), 2F (14), 2D (10), 2D (10), 2P (6)

28 + 12 + 22 + 18 + 14 + 10 +10 +6 = 120, so all microstates are accounted for.

To find the J values:

4F ML= 3, MS =3/2 so J = 9/2, 7/2, 5/2, 3/2 and the terms become 4F9/2, 4F7/2, 4F5/2, 4F3/2

4P ML= 1, MS =3/2 so J = 5/2, 3/2, 1/2 and the terms become 4P5/2, 4P3/2, 4P1/2

2H ML= 5, MS =1/2 so J = 11/2, 9/2 and the terms become 2H11/2, 2H9/2

2G ML= 4, MS =1/2 so J = 9/2, 7/2 and the terms become 2G9/2, 2G7/2

2F ML= 3, MS =1/2 so J = 7/2, 5/2 and the terms become 2F7/2, 2F5/2

2D ML= 2, MS =1/2 so J = 5/2, 3/2 and the terms become 2D5/2, 2D3/2

(this is the same for both 2D terms)

2P ML= 1, MS =1/2 so J = 3/2, 1/2 and the terms become 2P3/2, 2P1/2

Energy order predicted by Hund’s rules (less than ½ filled):

4F3/2< 4F5/2< 4F7/2< 4F9/2<4P1/2< 4P3/2< 4P5/2< 2H9/2< 2H11/2< 2G7/2< 2G9/2< 2F5/2< 2F7/2< 2D3/2~ 2D3/2< 2D5/2~2D5/2<2P1/2< 2P3/2

For a more quantitative consideration of multielectron systems requires better wavefunctions or the introduction of fudge factors. We convert multielectron systems to hydrogen-like systems by introducing the effective nuclear charge, Z*:

Z* = Z - S

Z* = effective nuclear charge

Z = true nuclear charge

S = screening or shielding constant

Can find S a number of ways: Clementi and Raimondi used accurate numerical calculations to fit S to experiment.

Easier, less quantitatively accurate method is Slater’s: he used the radial (n) and nodal (l) characteristics of hydrogenic wavefunctions to establish shielding constants:
 
 

Slater’s rules:

1. Write electron configurations according to principal quantum number, grouping s and p orbitals: (1s)(2s2p)(3s3p)(3d)(4s4p)(4d)(4f)...

2. Any electron to the right of the selected electron is ignored (contributes 0 to S)

3. If the electron under consideration is in an (nsnp) group:

a) all other electrons in the same group contribute 0.35/e to S (except 1s, 0.30)

b) all electrons in the n-1 shell contribute 0.85/e to S

c) all electrons in n-2 and lower shells contribute 1.00/e to S

4. If the electron under consideration is in an (nd) or (nf) group:

a) all other electrons in the same group contribute 0.35/e to S

b) all electrons to the left of the selected group contribute 1.00/e to S

Periodic Trends in Z* : Z* increases to the right on the Periodic Table, increases as go down the Periodic Table.