Weak Interactions
These types of forces are responsible for formation of liquids and solids
in covalently bonded species.
Ion-dipole coulombic attraction; usually a cation with a dipole
E = energy Z = ion charge 
= dipole moment
0
= permittivity of free space
r = distance between ion and center of the dipole
Dipole-dipole requires either a molecular dipole or a bond dipole
directional, shorter range
Ion-Induced Dipole
is the polarizability of the neutral
Dipole-Induced Dipole
Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole (van der Waal’s or London Dispersion)
IP = ionization potential
van der Waal’s interaction explain the condensation of nonpolars:
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